<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 44.15pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、慢性肾功能衰竭</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
[' ~* Z' Q, S, O- [( Y" t n y<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">慢性肾功能衰竭</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(CRF)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是多种慢性肾脏疾病的晚期的一种临床综合征,有氮质代谢产物潴留,水和电解质紊乱及酸碱平衡失调,常危及生命。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>, ^/ d2 S6 ~$ f* P- _% d( c
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引起慢性肾功能衰竭的病因很多,较常见的是由于慢性肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎和肾小球硬化,此外,还可见于肾结核、肾肿瘤、尿路结石梗阻、风湿性疾病、间质性肾炎等。临床表现有疲倦、乏力、厌食、恶心、呕吐、头疼、嗜睡、抽搐、瘙痒、出血倾向等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
. T* ?, G. ~1 |6 K<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>" `: v" d: ]" @, C w- o
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">营养因素改变</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
) U7 s$ J" T7 d6 z1 K! S<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蛋白质代谢</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>* ~) @, T7 A- R ]7 v/ J
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因病人食欲低下,蛋白质及热量摄入不足而出现负氮平衡及低蛋白血症。尿毒症患者血中必需氨基酸降低,而苯丙氨酸升高,酪氨酸降低。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>. ^) Y: E9 e3 O; a, ?
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">脂肪代谢</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
; d t% Y) k4 y2 c8 c4 u @<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尿毒症患者可能由于高胰岛素血症而促进肝脏对甘油三酯合成增加,同时组织清除脂蛋白酶的活力降低而易发生高脂蛋白血症。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>3 o, f! I2 c8 C u+ @
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">水、电解质紊乱</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
9 J) [9 V' g+ ]: u3 a<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于长期忌盐及利尿剂的应用,可导致低钠、低钾血症,也可因尿少及代谢性酸中毒,促进细胞内钾外溢,出现高钾血症。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
2 g% M( a( {$ x) }<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钙、磷代谢紊乱</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>2 p6 W# e+ x" E& `/ J
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">磷的排泄途径是肾脏,当肾小球滤过率下降</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%以上时,血磷可升高。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
1 e5 f4 {$ v+ R L& u. I<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">肾小球毁损也可累及肾小管,使肾脏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2,1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">羟化酶活性降低,体内合成活性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1,25(OH)2D3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">减少,使肠道钙吸收减少,出现低钙血症及骨骼病变。若能给以适当的饮食治疗,可以控制症状,维持电解质平衡,减轻氮质血症及酸中毒等并发症,降低机体分解代谢,减缓病情发展,延长生命。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> |